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Birds --- Passeriformes --- Identification --- Birds - Europe - Identification --- Passeriformes - Europe - Identification
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Swedish language --- -Swedish language --- -Ruotsi language --- Svenska language --- Scandinavian languages --- Infinitive --- Inflection --- -Infinitive --- Infinitive. --- Inflection. --- Ruotsi language
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Paleography, Scandinavian --- Scandinavian paleography --- Paleography, Scandinavian.
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Birds --- Aves --- Avian fauna --- Avifauna --- Wild birds --- Amniotes --- Vertebrates --- Ornithology --- Geographical distribution. --- Fauna. Zoological determination guides --- Great Britain --- Europe --- Geographical distribution
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“Leaning against the wind” (LAW) with a higher monetary policy interest rate may have benefits in terms of lower real debt growth and associated lower probability of a financial crisis but has costs in terms of higher unemployment and lower inflation, importantly including a higher cost of a crisis when the economy is weaker. For existing empirical estimates, costs exceed benefits by a substantial margin, even if monetary policy is nonneutral and permanently affects real debt. Somewhat surprisingly, less effective macroprudential policy and generally a credit boom, with resulting higher probability, severity, or duration of a crisis, increases costs of LAW more than benefits, thus further strengthening the strong case against LAW.
Monetary policy --- Econometric models. --- Banks and Banking --- Financial Risk Management --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Monetary Policy --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects --- Financial Crises --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- Labour --- income economics --- Banking --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Unemployment rate --- Central bank policy rate --- Unemployment --- Financial crises --- Macroprudential policy --- Interest rates --- Economic policy
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Debt amortization requirements have been suggested as a way to reduce household indebtedness. However, a closer look reveals that amortization requirements may create incentives for both borrowers and lenders to borrow and lend more rather than less. Suppose that a household plans to finance a given housing purchase through a preferred future mortgage path. If that mortgage path violates a new amortization requirement, the household can still achieve its preferred mortgage path, net after savings, by initially borrowing more, investing the excess borrowing in a savings account, and fulfilling the amortization requirement by withdrawals from the savings account over time. This is obvious, if the savings interest rate equals the mortgage rate, because then the excess borrowing is costless. But even if the savings interest rate is less than the debt interest rate, so that the excess borrowing is costly, there remains a strong incentive to initially borrow more than without an amortization requirement. Furthermore, under these circumstances, it is profitable and quite riskless for banks to let borrowers borrow more and invest the excess borrowing in a savings account in the bank, giving lenders an incentive to lend more, not less, than without amortization requirements. Thus, amortization requirements as a way of reducing household indebtedness may be counterproductive.
Cost and standard of living. --- Debt --- Mortgages --- Hypothecation --- Real obligations --- Securities --- Security (Law) --- Conveyancing --- Housing --- Liens --- Priorities of claims and liens --- Indebtedness --- Finance --- Comfort, Standard of --- Cost of living --- Food, Cost of --- Household expenses --- Living, Cost of --- Living, Standard of --- Standard of living --- Consumption (Economics) --- Home economics --- Households --- Quality of life --- Wealth --- Luxury --- Prices --- Purchasing power --- Wages --- Law and legislation --- Surveys --- Exports and Imports --- Infrastructure --- Macroeconomics --- Real Estate --- Intertemporal Consumer Choice --- Life Cycle Models and Saving --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Housing Demand --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Economic Development: Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Housing Supply and Markets --- International economics --- Property & real estate --- Amortization --- Income --- Consumption --- Housing prices --- External debt --- National accounts --- Debt service --- Saving and investment --- Economics --- Sweden
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